over what fraction of indians remained loyal to the british during the american revolution?

Colonists loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution

Britannia offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American-born Loyalists. (Reception of the American Loyalists past Slap-up Great britain in the Year 1783. Engraving past Henry Moses afterwards a painting by Benjamin West.)

Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary State of war, often referred to every bit Tories, Royalists or King's Men at the time. They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America."^[ane]

Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British regime that many thousands of them would jump to arms and fight for the crown. The British regime acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 1780–81. United kingdom was only able to finer protect the people in areas where they had military control, and in return, the number of military machine Loyalists was significantly lower than what had been expected. Due to the conflicting political views, loyalists were often under suspicion of those in the British military. The British were frequently suspicious of them, not knowing whom they could fully trust in such a conflicted state of affairs; they were oft looked downwards upon.^[2]

Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition. Many outspoken or militarily agile Loyalists were forced to abscond, peculiarly to their stronghold of New York City. William Franklin, the royal governor of New Jersey and son of Patriot leader Benjamin Franklin, became the leader of the Loyalists afterwards his release from a Patriot prison in 1778. He worked to build Loyalist armed services units to fight in the war, merely the number of volunteers was much fewer than London expected.^{[ citation needed ]}

When their cause was defeated, most 15 pct of the Loyalists (65,000–70,000 people) fled to other parts of the British Empire, to Britain itself, or to British Due north America (now Canada). The southern Loyalists moved mostly to Florida, which had remained loyal to the Crown, and to British Caribbean possessions. Northern Loyalists largely migrated to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. They called themselves United Empire Loyalists. Most were compensated with Canadian state or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Loyalists who left the US received over £three meg or about 37% of their losses from the British authorities. Loyalists who stayed in the US were more often than not able to retain their property and become American citizens.^[3] Historians have estimated that betwixt xv and 20% of the 2,000,000 whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists (300,000–400,000).^[4]

Background [edit]

Families were often divided during the American Revolution, and many felt themselves to be both American and British, still attributable a loyalty to the mother country. Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney the Younger opposed revenue enhancement without representation but would not break his oath to the King or have up artillery against him. He wrote: "There may be a fourth dimension when redress may not be obtained. Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent resentment".^[v] Most Americans hoped for a peaceful reconciliation but were forced to choose sides by the Patriots who took control nearly everywhere in the Thirteen Colonies in 1775–76.^[6]

Motives for Loyalism [edit]

Yale historian Leonard Wood Larabee has identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative and loyal to the Male monarch and to Britain:^[7]

• They were older, improve established, and resisted radical alter.
• They felt that rebellion against the Crown – the legitimate regime – was morally wrong. They saw themselves as British and saw a rebellion against United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland as a betrayal to their homeland (Uk and the British Empire). At the fourth dimension the national identity of Americans was even so in germination and the very thought of Americans and Britons beingness 2 carve up peoples (nationalities) was itself revolutionary.
• They felt alienated when the Patriots (seen by them equally separatists who rebelled against the Crown) resorted to violence, such every bit burning down houses and tarring and feathering.
• They wanted to take a middle-of-the-road position and were not pleased when forced past Patriots to declare their opposition.
• They had a long-standing sentimental zipper to Britain (often with business and family links).
• They felt that independence from Britain would come somewhen, but wanted it to come up about organically.
• They were wary that chaos, abuse, and mob rule would come about as a result of revolution.
• Some were "pessimists" who did not display the same belief in the future that the Patriots did. Others recalled the dreadful experiences of many Jacobite rebels after the failure of the last Jacobite rebellion as recently as 1745 who ofttimes lost their lands when the Hanoverian government won.^{[viii] [9] [10]}

Other motives of the Loyalists included:

• They felt a need for club and believed that Parliament was the legitimate authority.^[xi]
• In New York, powerful families had assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters; men long associated with the French Huguenot/Dutch De Lancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown.^[12]
• They felt themselves to be weak or threatened inside American society and in need of an outside defender such as the British Crown and Parliament.^[13]
• Black loyalists were promised freedom from slavery by the British.^{[14] [15] [16]}
• They felt that being a role of the British Empire was crucial in terms of commerce and their business operations.^{[17] [18]}

Loyalism and armed services operations [edit]

In the opening months of the Revolutionary State of war, the Patriots laid siege to Boston, where near of the British forces were stationed. Elsewhere in that location were few British troops and the Patriots seized control of all levels of regime, besides as supplies of arms and gunpowder. Vocal Loyalists recruited people to their side, oftentimes with the encouragement and assistance of purple governors. In the Southward Carolina back land, Loyalist recruitment outstripped that of Patriots. A brief siege at Ninety Six, South Carolina in the autumn of 1775 was followed by a rapid rise in Patriot recruiting. In what became known as the Snowfall Campaign, partisan militia arrested or drove out most of the back land Loyalist leadership. North Carolina back land Scots and sometime Regulators joined forces in early on 1776, but they were broken every bit a force at the Boxing of Moore's Creek Bridge.

Past July iv, 1776, the Patriots had gained control of well-nigh all territory in the Thirteen Colonies and expelled all majestic officials. No one who openly proclaimed their loyalty to the Crown was allowed to remain, so Loyalists fled or kept quiet. Some of those who remained later gave aid to invading British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments.^[xix]

The British were forced out of Boston by March 17, 1776. They regrouped at Halifax and attacked New York in August, defeating George Washington's army at Long Isle and capturing New York City and its vicinity, and they occupied the mouth of the Hudson River until 1783. British forces seized control of other cities, including Philadelphia (1777), Savannah, Georgia (1778–83), and Charleston, S Carolina (1780–82). Simply 90% of the colonial population lived outside the cities, with the constructive result that Congress represented 80 to 90 percent of the population. The British removed their governors from colonies where the Patriots were in control, but Loyalist noncombatant government was re-established in littoral Georgia^[20] from 1779 to 1782, despite the presence of Patriot forces in the northern role of Georgia. Essentially, the British were only able to maintain power in areas where they had a potent war machine presence.

Numbers of Loyalists [edit]

Historian Robert Calhoon wrote in 2000, concerning the proportion of Loyalists to Patriots in the Xiii Colonies:

Historians' best estimates put the proportion of developed white male loyalists somewhere between xv and twenty percent. Approximately half the colonists of European ancestry tried to avoid involvement in the struggle—some of them deliberate pacifists, others recent immigrants, and many more than simple apolitical folk. The patriots received agile support from perhaps xl to 45 percent of the white populace, and at most no more than a bare majority.^[21]

Before Calhoon'southward work, estimates of the Loyalist share of the population were somewhat higher, at about one-tertiary, only these estimates are now rejected as too high by most scholars.^[22] In 1968 historian Paul H. Smith estimated in that location were about 400,000 Loyalists, or 16% of the white population of 2.25 million in 1780.^{[23] [24]}

Historian Robert Middlekauff summarized scholarly research on the nature of Loyalist back up every bit follows:

The largest number of loyalists were found in the eye colonies: many tenant farmers of New York supported the king, for instance, every bit did many of the Dutch in the colony and in New Jersey. The Germans in Pennsylvania tried to stay out of the Revolution, only equally many Quakers did, and when that failed, clung to the familiar connection rather than embrace the new. Highland Scots in the Carolinas, a fair number of Anglican clergy and their parishioners in Connecticut and New York, a few Presbyterians in the southern colonies, and a large number of the Iroquois stayed loyal to the rex.^[25]

New York Urban center and Long Island were the British military and political base of operations in North America from 1776 to 1783 and had a large concentration of Loyalists, many of whom were refugees from other states.^[26]

According to Calhoon,^[26] Loyalists tended to exist older and wealthier, but there were also many Loyalists of humble means. Many active Church building of England members became Loyalists. Some recent arrivals from Britain, especially those from Scotland, had a high Loyalist proportion. Loyalists in the southern colonies were suppressed by the local Patriots, who controlled local and state regime. Many people—including former Regulators in Due north Carolina — refused to bring together the rebellion, as they had before protested against corruption by local regime who later became Revolutionary leaders. The oppression by the local Whigs during the Regulation led to many of the residents of backcountry North Carolina sitting out the Revolution or siding with the Loyalists.^[26]

In areas under Patriot control, Loyalists were subject to confiscation of belongings, and outspoken supporters of the king were threatened with public humiliation such as tarring and feathering, or physical attack. It is not known how many Loyalist civilians were harassed past the Patriots, just the treatment was a alarm to other Loyalists not to have upwards arms. In September 1775, William Drayton and Loyalist leader Colonel Thomas Fletchall signed a treaty of neutrality in the interior customs of Ninety Vi, South Carolina.^[27] For actively aiding the British army when it occupied Philadelphia, 2 residents of the metropolis were tried for treason, convicted, and executed by returning Patriot forces.^[28]

Slavery and Black Loyalists [edit]

Equally a upshot of the looming crunch in 1775, the Imperial Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, issued a declaration that promised freedom to indentured servants and slaves who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist Ethiopian Regiment. Many of the slaves in the South joined the Loyalists with intentions of gaining freedom and escaping the S. Almost 800 did so; some helped rout the Virginia militia at the Battle of Kemp's Landing and fought in the Boxing of Great Span on the Elizabeth River, wearing the motto "Liberty to Slaves", but this time they were defeated. The remains of their regiment were then involved in the evacuation of Norfolk, after which they served in the Chesapeake area. Eventually the camp that they had fix up there suffered an outbreak of smallpox and other diseases. This took a heavy toll, putting many of them out of action for some time. The survivors joined other Loyalist units and continued to serve throughout the state of war. African-Americans were oftentimes the kickoff to come forward to volunteer and a total of 12,000 African Americans served with the British from 1775 to 1783. This forced the Patriots to too offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army, with thousands of Black Patriots serving in the Continental Army.^[29]

Americans who gained their freedom by fighting for the British became known as Black Loyalists. The British honored the pledge of freedom in New York City through the efforts of Full general Guy Carleton, who recorded the names of African Americans who had supported the British in a certificate called the Volume of Negroes, which granted freedom to slaves who had escaped and assisted the British. About 4,000 Blackness Loyalists went to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they were promised country grants. They founded communities across the ii provinces, many of which still be today. Over ii,500 settled in Birchtown, Nova Scotia, instantly making information technology the largest gratis black community in Northward America. All the same, the long period of waiting time to be officially given land grants that were given to them and the prejudices of white Loyalists in nearby Shelburne who regularly harassed the settlement in events such equally the Shelburne Riots in 1784, made life very hard for the customs.^[thirty] In 1791 the Sierra Leone Company offered to ship dissatisfied black Loyalists to the nascent colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa, with the hope of better country and more equality. About 1,200 left Nova Scotia for Sierra Leone, where they named the majuscule Freetown.^[30] Subsequently 1787 they became Sierra Leone's ruling elite.^{[ citation needed ]} Well-nigh 400 to one,000 free blacks who joined the British side in the Revolution went to London and joined the free black community of about ten,000 there.^{[ citation needed ]}

Loyalist women [edit]

While men were out fighting for the Crown, women served at home protecting their land and property.^[31] At the terminate of the war, many loyalist men left America for the shelter of England, leaving their wives and daughters to protect their land^[31] The main punishment for Loyalist families was the expropriation of property, merely married women were protected under "feme covert", which meant that they had no political identity and their legal rights were captivated by their husbands.^[31] This created an awkward dilemma for the confiscation committees: confiscating the country of such a woman would punish her for her husband's actions.^[31] In many cases, the women did not get a option on if they were labeled a loyalist or a federalist; the label was dependent on their husband's political association. All the same, some women showed their loyalty to the crown past continually purchasing British goods, writing information technology downwards, and showing resistance to the Patriots.^[32] Grace Growden Galloway^[33] recorded the experience in her diary. Her writings show the difficulties that her family faced during the revolution. Galloway'southward holding was seized past the Rebels and she spent the rest of her life fighting to regain it.^[31] It was returned to her heirs in 1783, after she and her husband had died.^[31]

Federalists allowed women to become involved in politics in a larger scale than the Republicans. Some women involved in political activity include Catharine Macaulay (a loyalist) and Mercy Otis Warren who were both writers during this fourth dimension. Both women maintained a xx-twelvemonth friendship although they wrote about different sides of the war. Macaulay wrote from a loyalist British perspective whereas Warren wrote almost her support for the American Revolution. Macaulay's work include History of England and Warren wrote History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution. Although both women'due south works were unpopular, during this time, it pushed them to learn from social critique. ^[34]

Loyalism in Canada and Nova Scotia [edit]

Tory Refugees on their way to Canada past Howard Pyle

Rebel agents were active in Quebec (which was then frequently called "Canada", the name of the before French province) in the months leading to the outbreak of active hostilities. John Brown, an agent of the Boston Committee of Correspondence,^[35] worked with Canadian merchant Thomas Walker and other insubordinate sympathisers during the wintertime of 1774–1775 to convince inhabitants to support the deportment of the First Continental Congress. However, many of Quebec's inhabitants remained neutral, resisting service to either the British or the Americans.

Although some Canadians took up artillery in support of the rebellion, the majority remained loyal to the Male monarch. French Canadians had been satisfied by the British government'south Quebec Act of 1774, which offered religious and linguistic toleration; in general, they did not sympathize with a rebellion that they saw as beingness led by Protestants from New England, who were their commercial rivals and hereditary enemies. About of the English-speaking settlers had arrived following the British conquest of Canada in 1759–1760, and were unlikely to support separation from Britain. The older British colonies, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick) also remained loyal and contributed armed services forces in back up of the Crown.

In late 1775 the Continental Ground forces sent a force into Quebec, led by General Richard Montgomery and Colonel Bridegroom Arnold, with the goal of convincing the residents of Quebec to join the Revolution. Although only a minority of Canadians openly expressed loyalty to King George, nigh one,500 militia fought for the King in the Siege of Fort St. Jean. In the region due south of Montreal that was occupied by the Continentals, some inhabitants supported the rebellion and raised 2 regiments to join the Patriot forces.^[36]

In Nova Scotia, there were many Yankee settlers originally from New England, and they generally supported the principles of the revolution. The allegiance toward the rebellion waned equally American privateers raided Nova Scotia communities throughout the state of war. Also, the Nova Scotia government used the law to captive people for sedition and treason for supporting the insubordinate cause. There was as well the influence of an influx of recent immigration from the British isles, and they remained neutral during the war, and the influx was greatest in Halifax.^[37] Britain in any case congenital up powerful forces at the naval base of Halifax after the failure of Jonathan Eddy to capture Fort Cumberland in 1776.^{[38] [39]} Although the Continentals captured Montreal in Nov 1775, they were turned dorsum a month afterwards at Quebec City past a combination of the British military machine nether Governor Guy Carleton, the difficult terrain and atmospheric condition, and an indifferent local response. The Continental forces would be driven from Quebec in 1776, later on the breakup of water ice on the St. Lawrence River and the arrival of British transports in May and June. There would be no further serious endeavor to claiming British command of nowadays-24-hour interval Canada until the War of 1812.

In 1777, 1,500 Loyalist militia took part in the Saratoga entrada in New York, and surrendered with General Burgoyne later the Battles of Saratoga in October. For the rest of the state of war, Quebec acted as a base for raiding expeditions, conducted primarily by Loyalists and Indians, against frontier communities.

Armed services service [edit]

The Loyalists rarely attempted whatsoever political organization. They were often passive unless regular British army units were in the area. The British, however, assumed a highly activist Loyalist community was fix to mobilize and planned much of their strategy around raising Loyalist regiments. The British provincial line, consisting of Americans enlisted on a regular army status, enrolled 19,000 Loyalists (50 units and 312 companies). The maximum force of the Loyalist provincial line was 9,700 in Dec 1780.^{[forty] [41]} In all about 19,000 at one fourth dimension or another were soldiers or militia in British forces.^[42] Loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the Battle of Camden. The British forces at the Battle of Monck's Corner and the Battle of Lenud's Ferry consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officeholder (Banastre Tarleton).^[43] Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the Boxing of Kemp's Landing in Virginia.^[44]

Emigration from the United States [edit]

Historian Maya Jasanoff estimated how many Loyalists departed the Usa for British Northward America. She calculates 60,000 in total, including most 50,000 whites (Wallace Brown cites about 80,000 Loyalists in full permanently left the United states of america.^[45]).^[46] The majority of them – 36,000 – to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, while almost half-dozen,600 went to Quebec and two,000 to Prince Edward Island. 5,090 white Loyalists went to Florida, bringing forth their slaves who numbered most eight,285 (421 whites and 2561 blacks returned to the States from Florida ).^[47] When Florida was returned to Espana, nonetheless, very few Loyalists remained there.^[45] 6,000 whites went to Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, notably the Commonwealth of the bahamas. About 13,000 went to Britain (including 5,000 free blacks). The total is 60–62,000 whites.

A precise figure cannot be known because the records were incomplete and not accurate, and small-scale numbers continued to leave later 1783. The l,000 or-so white departures represented about ten% of the Loyalists (at 20-25% of the white population).^[48] Loyalists (especially soldiers and former officials) could choose evacuation. Loyalists whose roots were not yet securely embedded in the United States were more than likely to leave; older people who had familial bonds and had acquired friends, belongings, and a degree of social respectability were more likely to remain in the U.s..^[49] The vast majority of the half-million white Loyalists, about 20-25% of the full number of whites, remained in the US. Starting in the mid–1780s a small per centum of those who had left returned to the Us. The exiles amounted to about ii% of the total US population of 3 million at the end of the state of war in 1783.

Later 1783 some erstwhile Loyalists, specially Germans from Pennsylvania, emigrated to Canada to take advantage of the British government's offer of gratuitous land. Many departed the fledgling United states because they faced continuing hostility. In some other migration-motivated mainly by economic rather than political reasons-^[50] more than 20,000 and mayhap as many as xxx,000 "Late Loyalists" arrived in Ontario in the 1790s attracted by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe'south policy of land and low taxes, one-fifth those in the US and swearing an oath^{[ when? ]} of allegiance to the King.

The 36,000 or so who went to Nova Scotia were not well received by the 17,000 Nova Scotians, who were mostly descendants of New Englanders settled there before the Revolution.^[51] "They [the Loyalists]", Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote in 1786, "take experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova Scotia, who are even more than disaffected towards the British Government than any of the new States always were. This makes me much doubtfulness their remaining long dependent."^[52] In response, the colony of New Brunswick, until 1784 part of Nova Scotia, was created for the fourteen,000 who had settled in those parts. Of the 46,000 who went to Canada, 10,000 went to Quebec, especially what is at present modern-mean solar day Ontario, the residuum to Nova Scotia and PEI.

Realizing the importance of some type of consideration, on November 9, 1789, Lord Dorchester, the governor of Quebec, declared that it was his wish to "put the mark of Honour upon the Families who had adhered to the Unity of the Empire." As a result of Dorchester'south statement, the printed militia rolls carried the note:

Those Loyalists who have adhered to the Unity of the Empire, and joined the Royal Standard earlier the Treaty of Separation in the twelvemonth 1783, and all their Children and their Descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the post-obit Capitals, affixed to their names: U.Eastward. Alluding to their nifty principle The Unity of the Empire.^[53]

The mail-nominals "U.E." are rarely seen today, just the influence of the Loyalists on the evolution of Canada remains. Their ties to Britain and/or their contempt to the United States provided the strength needed to keep Canada independent and distinct in North America.^{[ citation needed ]} The Loyalists' basic distrust of republicanism and "mob rule" influenced Canada'south gradual path to independence.^{[ citation needed ]} The new British North American provinces of Upper Canada (the forerunner of Ontario) and New Brunswick were founded as places of refuge for the United Empire Loyalists.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In an interesting historical twist Peter Matthews, a son of Loyalists, participated in the Upper Canada Rebellion which sought relief from oligarchic British colonial authorities and pursued American-style Republicanism. He was arrested, tried and executed in Toronto, and afterward became heralded every bit a patriot to the movement which led to Canadian self governance.

The wealthiest and about prominent Loyalist exiles went to U.k. to rebuild their careers; many received pensions. Many Southern Loyalists, taking along their slaves, went to the West Indies, particularly to the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas.

Certain Loyalists who fled the United States brought their slaves with them to Canada (mostly to areas that later became Ontario and New Brunswick) where slavery was legal. An majestic law in 1790 assured prospective immigrants to Canada that their slaves would remain their property.^[54] However, a police enacted by eminent British lieutenant general and founder of modern Toronto John Graves Simcoe in 1793 entitled the Act Against Slavery tried to suppress slavery in Upper Canada by halting the auction of slaves to the United states, and by freeing slaves upon their escape from the latter into Canada. Simcoe desired to demonstrate the claim of loyalism and abolitionism in Upper Canada in contrast to the nascent republicanism and prominence of slavery in the U.s.a., and, according to historian Stanley R. Mealing:

"...he had not only the most clear faith in its imperial destiny merely also the most sympathetic appreciation of the interests and aspirations of its inhabitants".^{[55] [56]}

All the same the actual law was a compromise. According to historian Afua Cooper, Simcoe's law required children in slavery to be freed when they reached age 25 and:

forbade the importation of slaves just, to Simcoe'southward disappointment, did not grant freedom to adult slaves. Having not been freed by the deed, many Canadian slaves fled across the border into the Old Northwest Territory, where slavery had been abolished.^[57]

Thousands of Iroquois and other Native Americans were expelled from New York and other states and resettled in Canada. The descendants of i such grouping of Iroquois, led by Joseph Brant (Thayendenegea), settled at Six Nations of the Grand River, the largest First Nations reserve in Canada. (The residual, under the leadership of Cornplanter (John Abeel) and members of his family, stayed in New York.) A group of African-American Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia but emigrated again for Sierra Leone after facing discrimination there.

Many of the Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial properties to America restoration of or compensation for these lost properties was a major upshot during the negotiation of the Jay Treaty in 1794. The British Authorities eventually settled several thousand claims for more than iii.v million Pounds Sterling,^{[ commendation needed ]} an enormous sum of money worth at that time.

Return of some expatriates [edit]

The keen bulk of Loyalists never left the United States; they stayed on and were allowed to exist citizens of the new country. Some became nationally prominent leaders, including Samuel Seabury, who was the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church, and Tench Coxe. There was a small, simply significant trickle of returnees who found life in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick too hard. Perhaps 10% of the refugees to New Brunswick returned to u.s.a. as did an unknown number from Nova Scotia.^[58] Some Massachusetts Tories settled in the Maine District. However, the vast majority never returned. Captain Benjamin Hallowell, who equally Mandamus Councilor in Massachusetts served every bit the direct representative of the Crown, was considered by the insurgents as ane of the about hated men in the Colony, only as a token of compensation when he returned from England in 1796, his son was immune to regain the family house.^[59]

Alexander Hamilton enlisted the help of the Tories (ex-Loyalists) in New York in 1782–85 to forge an alliance with moderate Whigs to wrest the Land from the power of the Clinton faction. Moderate Whigs in other States who had not been in favor of separation from Britain just preferred a negotiated settlement which would have maintained ties to the Female parent Country mobilized to block radicals. Almost States had rescinded anti-Tory laws by 1787, although the accusation of being a Tory was heard for some other generation. Several hundred who had left for Florida returned to Georgia in 1783–84. South Carolina which had seen a bitter bloody internal civil war in 1780-82 adopted a policy of reconciliation that proved more than moderate than any other state. About 4500 white Loyalists left when the state of war ended, simply the majority remained behind. The state government successfully and quickly reincorporated the vast majority. During the war, pardons were offered to Loyalists who switched sides and joined the Patriot forces. Others were required to pay a ten% fine of the value of the property. The legislature named 232 Loyalists liable for the confiscation of their belongings, just most appealed and were forgiven.^[sixty] In Connecticut much to the disgust of the Radical Whigs the moderate Whigs were advertising in New York newspapers in 1782-83 that Tories who would brand no trouble would exist welcome on the grounds that their skills and money would assistance the State's economy. The Moderates prevailed. All anti-Tory laws were repealed in early on 1783 except for the law relating to confiscated Tory estates: "... the trouble of the loyalists after 1783 was resolved in their favor afterwards the State of war of Independence ended." In 1787 the last of any discriminatory laws were rescinded.^[61]

Effect of the departure of Loyalist leaders [edit]

The divergence of and so many purple officials, rich merchants and landed gentry destroyed the hierarchical networks that had dominated most of the colonies. A major effect was that a Patriot/Whig elite supplanted majestic officials and affluent Tories.^[62] In New York, the departure of cardinal members of the De Lancey, De Peyster, Walton and Cruger families undercut the interlocking families that largely endemic and controlled the Hudson Valley. Likewise in Pennsylvania, the departure of powerful families—Penn, Allen, Chew, Shippen—destroyed the cohesion of the onetime upper class there. Massachusetts passed an act banishing forty-six Boston merchants in 1778, including members of some of Boston'due south wealthiest families. The departure of families such every bit the Ervings, Winslows, Clarks, and Lloyds deprived Massachusetts of men who had hitherto been leaders of networks of family and clients. The bases of the men who replaced them were much different. I rich Patriot in Boston noted in 1779 that "fellows who would have cleaned my shoes five years ago, take amassed fortunes and are riding in chariots." New men became rich merchants only they shared a spirit of republican equality that replaced the one-time elitism.^[63]

The Patriot reliance on Cosmic French republic for war machine, financial and diplomatic aid led to a sharp driblet in anti-Cosmic rhetoric. Indeed, the king replaced the pope equally the demon Patriots had to fight against. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists, some of whom went to Canada after the state of war nigh remained in the new nation. By the 1780s, Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states that previously had been and then hostile. "In the midst of war and crunch, New Englanders gave up not simply their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices."^[64]

Loyalists in art [edit]

• John Singleton Copley painted many prominent Loyalists and produced an oil-on-canvas depiction of a soldier wearing the compatible of the Royal Ethiopian Regiment (a regiment composed of black Loyalist soldiers) in The Death of Major Pierson (1784).^[65]
• Benjamin West characterized the ethnic and economic diversity of the Loyalists in his Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Uk in the Year 1783.^[66] The original painting was lost, but a smaller version of it can be seen in the background of West's portrait of John Eardley Wilmot.^[67]
• Gilbert Stuart painted a portrait of James DeLancey effectually 1785. It stays in the drove of the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art, a bequest of his descendant George DeLancey Harris, Jr. of New York City & Annapolis Purple, NS.^[68]

• 

  John Copley's "The Decease of Major Pierson"

• 

  Benjamin West's "John Eardley Wilmot"

Loyalists in literature [edit]

• The Adventures of Jonathan Corncob, Loyal American Refugee (1787) by Jonathan Corncob. According to Maya Jasanoff, "traveling to London to file a claim served as the opening gambit" for this "picaresque novel well-nigh the American Revolution".^{[69] [70] [71]}
• "Rip Van Winkle" (1819), short story by Washington Irving^[72]
• The Spy: a Tale of the Neutral Basis (1821), novel by James Fenimore Cooper
• Oliver Wiswell (1940), a novel by Kenneth Roberts
• The Volume of Negroes (2007) by Lawrence Hill
• The Fort (2010), novel past Bernard Cornwell
• Long Stanley, Wendy (2019). The Power to Deny: A Woman of the Revolution Novel. Carmenta Publishing. ISBN978-1-951747-00-8. Well received historical fiction account of the life of Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson

List of notable Loyalists [edit]

See also [edit]

• American Revolution - Nova Scotia theatre
• Expulsion of the Loyalists
• List of places named for Loyalists (American Revolution)
• Frederick Haldimand (1718–1791) while serving in Canada amassed a huge collection filling 115 microfilm reels of documents, messages, etc. reflecting the Loyalist experience in Canada. A partial finding help to this collection may be plant on the Queens University Athenaeum website.
• Godfrey–Milliken Bill, proposed Canadian law demanding compensation from the Us for Loyalist claims after its independence.
• Lorenzo Sabine (1803–1877), early historian and chronicler of the Loyalist experience
• Martin five. Hunter'south Lessee
• Maryland Loyalists Battalion
• Tory
• Treaty of Paris (1783)
• United Empire Loyalist

References [edit]

1. ^ Barbara Smith (2013). The Freedoms We Lost: Consent and Resistance in Revolutionary America. New Press. p. 142. ISBN9781595585974.
2. ^ Devoss, David (Jan 2004). "Divided Loyalties". Smithsonian . Retrieved July eleven, 2019. Curiously, Tories suffered even at the hands of British officers who, for the most function, dismissed them as ignorant provincials. The British especially distrusted Loyalist militia regiments, claiming that they were slow to follow orders and ofttimes went off on their own to seek revenge against those who had destroyed their property.
3. ^ Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds, A Companion to the American Revolution (2004) pp. 246, 399, 641–2
4. ^ Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality", p. 235; Middlekauff (2005) pp. 563–564; Thomas B. Allen, Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil State of war (20176) p. xx
5. ^ Andrews, p.284
6. ^ Jassanoff, ch 1
7. ^ Leonard Woods Larabee, Conservatism in Early on American History (Cornell UP, 1948) pp 164–65 online.
8. ^ See also N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven Fifty. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York," Journal of American History, (1978) 65#two pp. 344–366 in JSTOR
9. ^ Edwin Grand. Burrows and Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation," Perspectives in American History, (1972) vol. 6 pp 167–306
10. ^ Mark Jodoin. Shadow Soldiers of the American Revolution: Loyalist Tales from New York to Canada. 2009. ISBN 978-one-59629-726-5. The History Printing, Charleston, SC.
11. ^ Hull, Hoffer and Allen, "Choosing Sides (1978), p, 352
12. ^ Hull, Hoffer and Allen, "Choosing Sides (1978), pp 347, 354, 365
13. ^ Wilson, Bruce G. "Loyalists".
14. ^ "Loyalists During the American Revolutionary State of war: What Happened to Them?". Bright Hub Education. March 31, 2011.
15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. ^ "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment - The Blackness By: Remembered and Reclaimed". blackpast.org. June 29, 2007.
17. ^ "Loyalists". George Washington's Mount Vernon.
18. ^ "The Loyalists".
19. ^ Calhoun (1973)^{[ folio needed ]}
20. ^ Georgia Encyclopædia.
21. ^ Robert Yard. Calhoon, in 'A companion to the American Revolution' (2000); p 235.
22. ^ John Adams has sometimes been cited as having claimed, in an 1813 letter, that one-third of Americans supported the revolution and one-third were confronting. Nevertheless, the passage in question actually refers to the French Revolution of 1789. Robert D. Marcus (1971). The American Scene: Varieties of American History. p. 147. ISBN9780390597731. See as well "But one/3 of Americans Supported the American Revolution?", past William Marina. Jun 28, 2004. Retrieved on July 14, 2008.
23. ^ Ray Raphael (2012). A People's History of the American Revolution. The New Printing. p. 393. ISBN9781595588517.
24. ^ Paul H. Smith, "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength," William and Mary Quarterly (1968) 25#2 pp. 259–277 in JSTOR
25. ^ Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (1985), p 550.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Calhoon (1973)
27. ^ See online NPS.gov
28. ^ Louis P. Masur (1989). Rites of Execution: Death sentence and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865. Oxford UP. p. 75. ISBN9780198021582.
29. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on Nov 17, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as championship (link)
30. ^ ^{a b} "Archived re-create". www.blackloyalist.com. Archived from the original on November ten, 2002. Retrieved January fifteen, 2022. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
31. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Tillman, Kacy Dowd (2016). "Women Left Behind: Female person Loyalism, Coverture, and Grace Growden Galloway'due south Empire of Self". Women's Narratives of the Early on Americas and the Formation of Empire. New York Metropolis, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 142, 143.
32. ^ "Who were the Loyalist Women of Cambridge? Introduction | History Cambridge". historycambridge.org . Retrieved March one, 2022.
33. ^ Baxter, Beverly (1978). "Grace Growden Galloway". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 62.
34. ^ Davies, Kate (2005). "Catherine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender". Oxford. pp. Volume 43: Consequence 1. ISBN0199281106.
35. ^ Aptheker, Herbert (1960). The American Revolution, 1763–1783 . International Publishers Co. pp. 169. ISBN0-7178-0005-9. John Brown Boston Committee of Correspondence.
36. ^ Stonemason Wade, The French Canadians (1955) 1:67–9.
37. ^ George Rawlyck, A People Highly Favoured Of God. The Nova Scotia Yankees. And the American Revolution (Toronto: 1972)
38. ^ Philip Buckner and John One thousand Reid, eds. The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History (1995) pp 168–170
39. ^ J.B. Brebner, The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia (1937)
40. ^ Smith 264–7.
41. ^ Calhoon 502.
42. ^ Smith, p 267
43. ^ Wilson, David. The Southern Strategy (Academy of South Carolina Press. 2005.)
44. ^ Selby, John E; Higginbotham, Don (2007)
45. ^ ^{a b} Brown, Wallace (1968). "The American Farmer during the Revolution: Rebel or Loyalist?". Agricultural History. 42 (iv): 331.
46. ^ However Philip Ranlet estimates that only 20,000 developed white Loyalists went to Canada. "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?." Historian 76.2 (2014): 278-307.
47. ^ Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern colonies. McFarland & Co. p. 317. ISBN0-7864-0783-2.
48. ^ Maya Jasanoff (2012). Liberty'southward Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary Earth. Random House. p. 357. ISBN9781400075478.
49. ^ Lohrenz (1998)
50. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia, "Loyalists"; and Liberty's Exiles, Maya Jasanoff, pp. 206–208.
51. ^ Neil MacKinnon, This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783–1791 (1989)
52. ^ South.D. Clark, Movements of Political Protest in Canada, 1640–1840 (1959), pp. 150–51
53. ^ Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel; Vachon, Auguste (1998). Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Ottawa from August 18 to 23, 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 202.
54. ^ Patrick Bode, "Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves." Beaver 1993 73(3): 17–19
55. ^ Mealing, Southward. R. (1958). "The Enthusiasms of John Graves Simcoe". Written report of the Annual Coming together. 37: fifty. doi:10.7202/300570ar.
56. ^ Fryer, K. B., & Dracott, C. (1998). John Graves Simcoe, 1752-1806: A biography. Toronto: Dundurn Press.
57. ^ Afua Cooper, "Acts of Resistance: Blackness Men and Women Appoint Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803" Ontario History (Bound 2007) 99#1 pp 5-17.
58. ^ Moore, Christopher (1984). The Loyalists : revolution, exile, settlement . McClelland & Stewart. pp. 244–252. ISBN978-0771060939.
59. ^ "Jamaica Plain Historical Society - 'Colonial Era' Editor - - Capt Benjamin Hallowell Homestead". jphs.org. Archived from the original on September 4, 2008.
60. ^ Rebecca Brannon, From Revolution to Reunion: The Reintegration of the South Carolina Loyalists (Univ of South Carolina Press, 2016).
61. ^ Zeichner, Oscar (June 1938). "The Rehabilitation of Loyalists in Connecticut". The New England Quarterly. 11 (2): 308–330. doi:x.2307/360711. JSTOR 360711.
62. ^ The Forging of the New Nation, 1781-1789, Robert B. Morris, 1987, p. 163.
63. ^ Gordon S. Forest (1992). The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Random House. pp. 176–177. ISBN9780307758965.
64. ^ Francis Cogliano, No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England (1995) pp 154-55, quote p 155. online
65. ^ "Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783-1854: 'The Death of Major Peirson', John Singleton Copley". atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca.
66. ^ Allen, Thomas. "Tories: Fighting for the King in America'south First Civil War". toriesfightingfortheking.com.
67. ^ "Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783-1854: 'John Eardley Wilmot' past Benjamin Westward". atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca.
68. ^ "Gilbert Stuart - James DeLancey". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
69. ^ Maya Jasanoff (2011), p, 386, n. 67.
70. ^ Davidson, Cathy North. (xxx September 2004). Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America. Oxford University Press, Us. ISBN9780195177718 – via Google Books.
71. ^ Perrin, Noel (June eight, 1988). A Reader's Please. UPNE. ISBN9780874514322 – via Google Books.
72. ^ "Rip Van Winkle Summary - eNotes.com". eNotes.

Further reading [edit]

• Allen, Thomas B. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York: HarperCollins, 2010. 496 pp. ISBN 9780061241819
• Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday, New York (1929)
• Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (2d ed. 1992) pp 230–319.
• ———. The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson: Loyalism and the Destruction of the First British Empire (1974), total scale biography of the well-nigh prominent Loyalist
• Brown, Wallace. "The Loyalists and the American Revolution." History Today (Mar 1962), 12# 3, pp149–157.
• Brown, Wallace. The Rex'due south Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants (1966).
• Calhoon, Robert Yard. "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole, eds., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (1991); reprinted in Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. (2008). A Companion to the American Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 235–47. ISBN9780470756447.
• Calhoon, Robert G. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760–1781 (1973), the most detailed scholarly report
• Calhoon, Robert Yard., Timothy K. Barnes and George A. Rawlyk, eds. Loyalists and Community in N America (1994).
• Chopra, Ruma. "Enduring Patterns of Loyalist Study: Definitions and Contours" History Compass (2013) 11#eleven pp 983–993, DOI: x.1111/hic3.12105
• Chopra, Ruma. Choosing Sides: Loyalists in Revolutionary America (2015)
• Doré, Gilbert. "Why The Loyalists Lost," Early America Review (Winter 2000) online
• Frazer, Gregg L. God Against the Revolution: The Loyalist Clergy's Case against the American Revolution Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2018.
• Jasanoff, Maya. Freedom's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World (2011), first-class comprehensive treatment and winner of the 2011 National Book Critics Circumvolve Honor for Non-Fiction and 2012 George Washington Book Prize
• Jensen, Merrill. The New Nation: A History of the Usa during the Confederation, 1781–1789 1950; detailed discussion of return of Loyalists, popular anger at their render; repeal of wartime laws against them
• Kermes, Stephanie. "'I Wish for Nothing More Ardent upon Earth, than to See My Friends and Country Once more': The Return of Massachusetts Loyalists." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 2002 30(1): xxx–49. ISSN 0276-8313
• Kerber, Linda. Women of the Commonwealth: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (1997)
• Knowles, Norman. Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts (1997) explores the identities and loyalties of those who moved to Canada.
• Lambert, Robert Stansbury. Southward Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution (2nd ed. Clemson University Digital Press, 2011). total text online complimentary 273 pp
• Middlekauff, Robert. "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789." (2005 edition)
• Moore, Christopher. The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (1994).
• Mason, Keith. "The American Loyalist Diaspora and the Reconfiguration of the British Atlantic World." In Empire and Nation: The American Revolution and the Atlantic World, ed. Eliga H. Gould and Peter S. Onuf (2005).
• Nelson, William H. The American Tory (1961)
• Norton, Mary Beth. The British-Americans: The Loyalist Exiles in England, 1774–1789. Boston, MA: Little, Chocolate-brown, 1972.
• ———. Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Feel of American Women, 1750–1800 (1996)
• ———. "The Problem of the Loyalist—and the Problems of Loyalist Historians," Reviews in American History June 1974 v.2 #2 pp 226–231
• Peck, Epaphroditus; The Loyalists of Connecticut Yale University Press, (1934) online
• Potter, Janice. The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts (1983).
• Quarles, Benjamin; Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography University of Massachusetts Press. (1988)
• Ranlet, Philip. "How Many American Loyalists Left the United states?." Historian 76.2 (2014): 278–307; estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada.
• Ryerson, Egerton. The Loyalists of America and Their Times: From 1620 to 1816. 2 volumes. 2nd edition. 1880.
• Smith, Paul H. "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Arrangement and Numerical Strength," William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1968): 259–77. in JSTOR
• Van Tyne, Claude Halstead. The Loyalists in the American Revolution (1902) online
• Wade, Bricklayer. The French Canadians: 1760–1945 (1955) 2 vol.

Compiled volumes of biographical sketches [edit]

• Palmer, Gregory. Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1983. 998 pp. ISBN 9780313281020
• Sabine, Lorenzo. The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in The War of the Revolution; Alphabetically Arranged; with a Preliminary Historical Essay. Boston, MA: Charles C. Lilliputian and James Brown, 1847. Google Books six, 733 pp.
• ———. Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution, with an Historical Essay. 2 volumes. Boston, MA: Trivial, Brown and Company, 1864. Google Books Book i—half dozen, 608 pp. Google Books Volume 2—600 pp.

Studies of individual Loyalists [edit]

• "Boucher, Jonathan". Lexicon of National Biography. 1885–1900.
• Gainey, Joseph R. "Rev. Charles Woodmason (c. 1720–1789): Author, Loyalist, Missionary, and Psalmodist." West Gallery: The Newsletter of the West Gallery Music Association (ISSN 0960-4227), Issue No. 59 (Autumn 2011), pp. 18–25. This undocumented article is the first publication to identify Woodmason's parents, background, baptism, union, and burial dates and places and contains much previously unavailable information.
• Hill, James Riley, 3. An practise in futility: the pre-Revolutionary career and influence of loyalist James Simpson. M. A. Thesis. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 1992. eight, 109 leaves ; 28 cm. OCLC 30807526
• Hooker, Richard J., ed. The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Periodical and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant. 1953. ISBN 978-0-8078-4035-one
• Lohrenz, Otto; "The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia." The Historian. lx#3 (1998) pp 561+. online
• Randall, Willard Sterne. A Little Revenge: Benjamin Franklin & His Son Little, Brown & Co, 1984.
• Skemp, Sheila. William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a Rex Oxford Academy Press, 1990.
• Wright, J. Leitch. William Augusutus Bowles: Director Full general of the Creek Nation. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Printing, 1967.
• Zimmer, Anne Y. Jonathan Boucher, loyalist in exile. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1978.

Primary sources and guides to manuscripts and the literature [edit]

• Allen, Robert S. Loyalist Literature: An Annotated Bibliographic Guide to the Writings on the Loyalists of the American Revolution. Effect two of Dundurn Canadian historical document series, 1982. ISBN 9780919670617
• Chocolate-brown, Wallace. "Loyalist Historiography." Acadiensis, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Autumn 1974), pp. 133–138. Link to downloadable pdf of this commodity.
• ———. "The View at Two Hundred Years: The Loyalists of the American Revolution", Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Lodge, Vol. lxxx, Function 1 (Apr 1970), pp. 25–47.
• Crary, Catherine Due south., ed. Price of Loyalty: Tory Writings from the Revolutionary Era (1973)
• Egerton, Hugh Edward, ed. The Regal committee on the losses and services of American loyalists, 1783 to 1785, existence the notes of Mr. Daniel Parker Coke, Thousand. P., one of the commissioners during that menstruum. Oxford: The Roxburghe Order, 1915. Link to downloadable pdf
• Galloway, Joseph. The claim of the American loyalists: reviewed and maintained upon incontrovertible principles of law and justice. G. and T. Wilkie, 1788. Downloadable Google Books pdf 138 pages
• Guide to The Loyalist Collection website, Harriet Irving Library, Fredericton campus, University of New Brunswick, Canada
• Guide to the New York Public Library Loyalist Collection (19 pdfs)
• Palmer, Gregory Southward. A Bibliography of Loyalist Source Material in the Us, Canada, and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Westport, CT, 1982.
• The Particular Case of the Georgia Loyalists: in Addition to the General Instance and Claim of the American Loyalists, which was Lately Published past Social club of Their Agents. February 1783. northward.p.:due north.p., 1783. 16 pp. Google Books pdf

External links [edit]

• American Loyalists
• The American Loyalists: Or, Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the ... (1847) past Lorenzo Sabine. Consummate text of the commencement of two editions (the 2nd appeared in 1864 in 2 volumes) of Sabine's magnum opus in pdf format.
• Benjamin Franklin to Baron Francis Maseres, June 26, 1785 (Stance of Benjamin Franklin on persons who chosen themselves "Loyalists", whom he judged better called "Royalists")
• Bibliography of the Loyalist Participation in the American Revolution compiled by the United States Regular army Center of Military History
• "Blackness Loyalists: Our History, Our People"
• Haldimand Collection The main source for historians in the study of the settlement of the American Loyalists in Canada. More than xx,000 messages and documents, at present fully indexed, and gratis on the Spider web.
• Story of Loyalist Privateer "Vengeance"
• James Chalmers and "Patently Truth" (A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine)
• The Loyalist Annunciation of Independence published in The Royal Gazette (New York) on November 17, 1781 (Transcription provided by Bruce Wallace and posted on The On-Line Institute for Avant-garde Loyalist Studies.)
• The Loyalist Link: The Forest and The Ocean – Port Roseway Loyalists
• Loyalist Page – Cyndi's List
• The Loyalist Enquiry Network (LRN) This website focuses on Canadian Loyalists, only, the links and bibliographies are extremely helpful to all serious Loyalist researchers.
• Maryland
• The On-Line Institute for Avant-garde Loyalist Studies
• "Remembering Blackness Loyalists, Blackness Communities in Nova Scotia"
• "Salem Loyalists-unpublished letters" THE NEW-ENGLAND HISTORICAL AND GEUEALOGICAL Annals AND ANTIQUARIAN Journal 1872 pp.243-248
• "A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists" Ann Mackenzie
• South Carolina
• Lambert, Robert Stansbury (2011). Due south Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution (2nd ed.). Clemson, SC: Clemson University Digital Printing. Originally published in 1987. 272 pages, bachelor online in PDF format.
• United Empire Loyalists' Clan of Canada (UELAC)
• Virginia
• "What is a Loyalist? The American Revolution as civil war" past Prof. Edward Larkin published in www.common-place.org, Vol. 8, No. 1 (October 2007).
• Why Were Some of Our Ancestors Tories?

Videos [edit]

• a lecture by Maya Jasanoff. "An Imperial Disaster? The Loyalist Diaspora after the American Revolution". youtube. Archived from the original on Dec 22, 2021.
• Thomas B. Allen. "Video discussing his book". Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Ceremonious War.
• Thomas B. Allen. "Lecture on his book at the Library of Congress". Tories: Fighting for the King in America'due south Commencement Civil War. Archived from the original on Nov four, 2021.
• YaleCourses YouTube (March 18, 2011). "Who Were the Loyalists? (Youtube video)". The American Revolution (HIST 116), Session 9 (of 25). Archived from the original on November 4, 2021.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)

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